The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. It makes two main hormones, T4 and T3, that control how your body works.
These hormones help your body use energy, keep warm, and keep your organs working properly, including your heart, stomach, muscles, and brain. They're really important for kids' brain growth too. The brain helps to keep the thyroid's hormone levels just right.
Factors that Affect the Thyroid Function
These are factors that canaffect production of thyroid hormones:
Stress
Infection
Trauma
Radiation
Medications
Toxins and other Autoimmune Diseases
Nutrients that contribute to proper production of thyroid hormones.
Iron
Iodine
Tyrosine
Zinc
Selenium
Magnesium
Vitamin E, C and D
Vitamin B2, B3, B6, B9 (Folate), B12
Tired of Weight Fluctuating?
Find Balance: Thyroid Health for Hormonal Harmony.
Key Thyroid Hormones
Monoiodothyronine
T1 is a thyroid hormone that's not well understood yet. It's found in very small amounts in our bodies and may play a small part in how we use energy in the body.
Diiodothyronine
T2 is less well-known and not as thoroughly researched as T4 and T3. However, it's believed to play a role in the body's metabolic processes. Some studies suggest T2 may help fine-tune the body’s metabolism, but its exact functions and mechanisms are still being explored.
Triiodothyronine
T3 is the active form of thyroid hormone and is converted from T4. It has a more potent effect on the body than T4, directly impacting your metabolic rate. T3 helps control how you use energy, affecting everything from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories.
Thyroxine
T4 is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It's like a storage hormone, acting as a reservoir that the body converts into the more active T3 hormone as needed. T4 plays a vital role in regulating your metabolism, influencing how fast or slow your body uses energy.
Reverse T3
Reverse T3 (rT3) is a form of the thyroid hormone that is inactive. It’s produced in the body from the conversion of T4 (another thyroid hormone) but unlike T3, it does not activate cells to produce energy. High levels of rT3 can slow down metabolism and are often seen in situations of stress or illness, where the body is trying to conserve energy.
Naturopathic Treatment Options at NES™
At Natural Endocrinology Specialists™ (NES) we offer a holistic approach to the management of thyroid conditions focusing on naturopathic treatment options that consider the whole person—body, mind, and spirit. Our goal is to not only address the thyroid diseases themselves but also to enhance overall health and well-being.
The thyroid gland, part of the endocrine system, can become a target for the immune system, leading to autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid cells, disrupting hormone production. Hashimoto's often results in hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), while Graves' can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
HYPOTHYROID
Hashimoto's Thyroidtis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a common autoimmune disorder, affects the thyroid gland, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold sensitivity due to reduced hormone production.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that often causes hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid. This condition leads to the excessive production of thyroid hormones, triggering symptoms such as rapid weight loss, heightened anxiety, and heart palpitations.
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also associated with Graves' disease, is an autoimmune condition impacting the tissues around the eyes. It often manifests through symptoms such as discomfort or grittiness in the eyes, puffiness of the eyelids, and sometimes a pronounced bulging of the eyes. It can also lead to more severe issues like light sensitivity, changes in vision, and eye pain.
This section delves into specific thyroid disorders that arise without infection, where thyroid hormone production is insufficient. These conditions, while not caused by infection, significantly impact thyroid health and require careful management, particularly during the sensitive period of pregnancy. Understanding and treating these disorders is essential for maintaining thyroid health.
Sub-Acute Thyroiditis
An inflammation of the thyroid gland, often triggered by a viral infection. It causes neck pain, swelling, and can temporarily affect thyroid hormone levels. Treatment usually involves anti- inflammatory medications, and the condition generally resolves on its own, restoring normal thyroid function.
A rare but severe condition where the thyroid gland becomes infected, usually by bacteria. It causes intense neck pain, swelling, fever, and can affect thyroid function. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests and imaging, while treatment primarily includes antibiotics and, in some cases, surgery to address any abscess. Quick medical intervention is essential for recovery.
The thyroid gland underperforms during pregnancy, often causing symptoms like fatigue and weight gain. It's important for maternal and fetal health, and is typically treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy to maintain safe hormone levels for both mother and baby.
This condition occurs when an excess of iodine in the diet leads your thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. This overactivity can speed up your metabolism, causing symptoms like weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness.
In contrast, this happens when too much iodine causes the thyroid to slow down, leading to insufficient production of thyroid hormones. This can result in a slower metabolism, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold more easily.
Thyroid nodules are often harmless lumps in the thyroid gland, usually benign and asymptomatic, but they can sometimes produce excess hormones or signify thyroid cancer. Treatment varies from monitoring to surgery, depending on their activity and potential malignancy. Thyroid cancer, while rarer, is treated through surgical removal of the thyroid, radioactive iodine to destroy cancerous cells, and hormone therapy to maintain thyroid function, emphasizing the importance of personalized care for optimal health outcomes.
Thyroid Nodules
These are growths in the thyroid that can be benign or malignant. Thyroid nodules can sometimes produce thyroid hormones independently of the thyroid gland's control mechanisms, leading to hyperthyroidism. Treatment may involve monitoring, medication, or surgery if the nodules are overactive or suspected to be cancerous.
While not always directly affecting thyroid hormone levels, thyroid cancer can disrupt the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, or thyroid hormone therapy.
This overview addresses Graves' Disease and its significant comorbidities, emphasizing the need for holistic management. Key associated conditions include Thyroid Eye Disease, osteoporosis, celiac disease, fertility issues, and heart arrhythmias. The document highlights the importance of comprehensive health assessments and personalized care to ensure the well-being of individuals with Graves' Disease.
This overview highlights the relationship between Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and its frequent comorbidities, such as obesity, celiac disease, and heart disease. It stresses the importance of comprehensive care, noting that effective management of Hashimoto's involves more than thyroid treatment—it requires monitoring and addressing multiple associated health issues to ensure holistic patient health.
Goiter is the swelling of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck, often caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, or hormonal imbalances. It can lead to visible neck swelling, throat tightness, and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing goiter and related thyroid issues.
At Natural Endocrinology Specialists (NES), we specialize in treating a wide range of thyroid conditions using a comprehensive, personalized, and natural approach to care. Our mission is to help you understand the root cause of your thyroid imbalance — and support you with treatment options that align with your body, your goals, and your lifestyle.
All Thyroid Treatment Options
We Consider It All
T4 Thyroid Hormone
T4-only meds like levothyroxine are the most common treatment for low thyroid. At NES™, we track your labs and symptoms to ensure it’s working and adjust if it’s not.
Combo Thyroid Hormone Treatments
Some people don’t convert T4 to T3 well. A combination of both hormones can help boost energy, mood, and metabolism. We personalize the right mix for your body.
Natural Desiccated Thyroid
NDT is a natural thyroid medication with both T3 and T4. It’s helpful for those who don’t feel their best on standard meds. We personalize the dose to match your needs.
Thyroid Supplements
Nutritional support can help maintain healthy thyroid hormone balance, promote energy, and support the body’s natural metabolic processes.
At NES™, your prescriptions can be sent to the pharmacy of your choice. You may use your insurance or pay out-of-pocket, depending on your coverage. All thyroid prescriptions require a consultation with one of our providers to ensure the treatment is safe and right for you.
T4 Treatments
Levothyroxine
Levoxyl®
Synthroid®
Tirosint®
Tirosint Sol
Unithroid®
T3 Treatments
Liothyronine
Generic
Cytomel®
Natural Desiccated Thyroid (T4 + T3)
Armour Thyroid®
NP Thyroid®
Compounded
Compounded Formulation
Thyroid Hormone
Insurance and Cash-Pay Options
Your prescription can be sent to the pharmacy of your choice. If your insurance covers the medication, you may use it toward your prescription. For treatments not covered by insurance, we offer affordable cash-pay alternatives to ensure you still have access to the right care. This flexibility allows us to provide the best treatment options without compromise.
Thyroid Function (TSH / T3/T4)
Monitoring Thyroid Levels — Hypo or Hyperthyroidism
TSH Optimization
This TSH chart shows continued stability within optimal range (~0.6–0.9), indicating well-managed thyroid function over time with consistent care.
TSH Optimization
This graph shows successful TSH optimization in a hypothyroid patient, dropping from 25.6 to a stable 3.7 over 8 months.
Hypothyroid Stabilization
This graph illustrates TSH levels dropping from 8.51 to 3.18, showing clear improvement and stabilization of hypothyroidism through targeted intervention.
Hyperthyroid TSH Stablizaiton
This TSH High Sensitivity chart shows initial hyperthyroidism (TSH near 0), followed by a return to optimal range (1.6–3.1)—indicating successful stabilization of thyroid over time.
Thyroid Autoimmunity (TPO, TgAb, TSI, TRAb)
Hashimoto’s, Graves’, and Autoimmune Thyroid Markers
TPO Antibodies
TPO Antibody Trend
This graph shows a significant reduction in thyroglobulin antibodies from 95.2 to 6.1, reflecting improved autoimmune thyroid status.
TPO Optimization
This chart shows Microsomal TPO antibodies decreasing from 416 to 165, a strong indicator of reduced thyroid autoimmunity and Hashimoto’s improvement over time.
TPO Reduction
This Microsomal TPO Antibody chart shows a substantial reduction from 755 to 193, highlighting effective lowering of thyroid autoimmunity through supportive care.
TPO Reduction Example
This Anti-TPO antibody chart shows a remarkable drop from 1,091 to 53.1, reflecting major improvement in Hashimoto’s-related thyroid autoimmunity.
TPO Antibody
This Microsomal TPO Antibody chart shows a substantial reduction from 755 to 193, highlighting effective lowering of thyroid autoimmunity through supportive care.
TPO Antibody Reduction Example
This Anti-TPO antibody chart shows a remarkable drop from 1,091 to 53.1, reflecting major improvement in Hashimoto’s-related thyroid autoimmunity.
TPO
This graph shows a steady decrease in Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase) antibody levels — from 52.1 down to 24.6 — over the span of a year, reflecting reduced thyroid autoimmunity and improved immune regulation.
TPO_2
This graph illustrates a significant reduction in Microsomal TPO Antibody levels from 416 to 213 between October 2023 and October 2024. Although there was some fluctuation mid-year, the overall downward trend indicates progress in lowering thyroid autoimmunity.
Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb)
TGB Antibody
This graph shows a steady decrease in thyroglobulin antibodies from 25.8 to 3.8, indicating improved autoimmune thyroid regulation.
TGB Antibody_2
This chart demonstrates a significant reduction in thyroglobulin antibodies, dropping from a spike of 47 to 4.1, reflecting improved autoimmune thyroid function.
TGB Antibody_3
This graph shows a gradual decline in thyroglobulin antibody levels from 5.1 to 2.7, indicating reduced thyroid autoimmunity but still above the reference maximum of 0.9.
TGB Antibody_4
This Anti-TPO antibody chart shows a remarkable drop from 1,091 to 53.1, reflecting major improvement in Hashimoto’s-related thyroid autoimmunity.
TGB Antibody_5
This graph shows a steady decline in Thyroglobulin Antibody levels from 129.5 to 46.7 over approximately 8 months, indicating a positive downward trend in autoimmune activity.
TGB Antibody_6
This graph shows a significant drop in Thyroglobulin Antibody levels from 129.5 to 34.1 over time, followed by stabilization, reflecting a strong and sustained improvement in autoimmune response.
Graves’ Disease Markers (TRAb, TSI)
trAB Antibody
This graph shows a steady decline in TRAb (TSH Receptor Antibody) levels from 8.45 to 5.42, indicating improvement in autoimmune thyroid activity.
TSI
This graph shows a significant reduction in TSI (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin) levels from 303 to 140, indicating improved control of thyroid-stimulating autoimmunity.
Targeted Support for Thyroid Health and Hormonal Balance
These professional-grade supplements are curated by our naturopathic endocrinologist to support thyroid gland function, energy production, and hormonal balance. Whether you’re managing hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s, or general fatigue, these formulas are designed to help restore and maintain optimal thyroid health.
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Dr. Linda Khoshaba is the Leading Integrative Health and Hormone Doctor in Scottsdale, Arizona. She has extensive experience working in the field as a Hormone Specialist and Natural Endocrinologist.
Phone: 480-687-0054 Fax: 833-605-1101 Email: contact@nesaz.com Address: Suite A 109 7500 E. Pinnacle Peak Rd. Scottsdale, AZ 85255
Hours of Operation: Mon: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM Tue: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM Wed: 7:30 AM - 4:30 PM Thu: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM Fri: 8:30 AM - 3:30 PM Sat-Sun: Closed
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